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旁白:盟国发行了新的通货-德国马克-以取代已经一文不值的旧通货。但是对埃哈德来说,这还不够。因此在没有知会盟国的情况下,埃哈德在电台访谈中抢先宣布了这一消息。
KARL OTTO POHL: Ludwig Erhard; a legendary man; he decided; without asking anybody and against the will of the American occupation powers; he decided to give up all price controls。
KARL OTTO POHL:在没有征求任何人意见和违背美国占领当局的意愿的情况下,路德维希?埃哈德这位传奇人物决定废除所有价格控制。
NARRATOR: Next day; Gen。 Lucius Clay; the man in charge of occupied Germany; demanded to know what Erhard thought he was doing。
旁白:第二天,卢休斯?克莱将军-德国占领区的负责人-要求知道埃哈德如何看待对自己正在做的事情。
ALFRED BOSCH: Clay said; ";What have you done? You have changed the Allied price controls。"; Erhard replied; ";Herr General; I havent changed them; Ive abolished them。"; And Clay said; ";My advisors tell me it is a big mistake。"; Erhard replied; ";Herr General; my advisors tell me the same thing。";
ALFRED BOSCH:克莱说:“你做了什么?你改动了盟国的价格控制。”埃哈德回答说:“将军先生,我没有改动他们,我废除了他们。”克莱说:“我的顾问告诉我这是一个大错误。”埃哈德又回答到:“将军先生,我自己的顾问也这么说。”
NARRATOR: Overnight the black market disappeared。 People stopped hoarding; and goods not seen for 10 years went on sale。
旁白:一夜之间黑市就消失了。人们不再囤积货物;十年没有见过的商品又开始销售了。
MILTON FRIEDMAN: It started the markets working; with free prices。 Instead of nothing being in the windows of the shops; everything started to e up。 And that began the German economic miracle。
弗里德曼:随着价格控制的取消,市场开始运转。商店的橱窗中不再空无一物,而是摆满了商品。它是德国创造经济奇迹的开端。
NARRATOR: Germanys ";social market economy"; bined free markets with a strong welfare state。 Within a few years; Germanys social market economy overtook Britains more planned economy。
旁白:德国的“社会市场经济”将自由市场和高度福利国家联系起来。在许多年里,德国的社会市场经济的计划经济程度比英国还要大。
But back then; nobody wanted to model themselves on Germany。 Most countries preferred to plan their economies。
但是没有人想要模仿德国。多数国家宁愿自己规划本国经济。
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Chapter 10: Indias Way '3:51'
第十章:印度方式
Onscreen title: New Delhi; 1947
字幕标题:新德里,1947年
NARRATOR: India; the jewel in the crown of the British Empire; the very symbol of imperialism; celebrated its freedom。 Mahatma Gandhi was the father of independence。 His economic ideal was a simple India of self…sufficient villages。 Pandhit Nehru; the first prime minister; wanted to industrialize and bine British parliamentary democracy with Soviet…style central planning。
旁白:印度,这颗大英帝国王冠上的宝石以及帝国主义的真正象征,庆祝着她的独立。圣雄甘地是印度的独立之父。他的经济理想是把印度建成自给自足的“村庄”。而尼赫鲁-印度第一任总理-则想要实现工业化,并把英国式的议会民主制和苏联风格的中央计划结合起来。
JAIRAM RAMESH; Senior Economic Advisor to Indias Congress Party; 1991…1998: In the 1950s India was the Mecca of all economists。 You talk of any economist in the world; and they were advising the Indian government。 And the advice was; you must have a state…led model of industrial growth; the public sector must occupy what came to be called the manding heights of the economy。 And thats why steel; coal; machine tools; capital goods; all the areas of heavy industry were in the public sector and not in the private sector。
JAIRAM RAMESH,印度国大党的高级经济顾问,1991-1998年:五十年代,印度是所有经济学家的麦加。世界各地的经济学家都在给印度政府提建议。而建议就是必须实行政府主导的工业增长模式。公共部门必须占领被经济制高点。所以钢铁、煤炭、机械和资本货物等所有重工业部门必须是公共部门而不能是私人部门。
NARRATOR: Nehru put his faith in technology。
讲述者:尼赫鲁相信科学技术。
MANMOHAN SINGH; Minister of Finance; 1991…1996: Nehru was a rational thinker; and he wanted to apply science and technologies to solve the great mass poverty that prevailed at the time of independence。
辛格(MANMOHAN SINGH),财政部长,1991-1996年:尼赫鲁是理性的思想家。他想运用科学和技术来解决争取国家独立时期普遍存在的、触目惊心的贫困问题
NARRATOR: Under Nehru; central planning became a form of science。
旁白:在尼赫鲁的领导下,中央计划变成了科学的一种形式。
MEGHNAD DESAI; Professor; London School of Economics: Nehru was always recruiting intellectuals in India on his side in the cause of planning。 And there was this genius statistician; Mahalanobis; who was head of the Indian Statistical Institute。
MEGHNAD DESAI,伦敦经济学院教授:尼赫鲁为了编制计划一直在印度招募支持他的知识分子,其中有一位天才的统计学家-马哈拉诺比斯,他是印度统计学学会的首脑。
NARRATOR: Nehru asked Mahalanobis to think about how to plan an economy。 The brilliant Mahalanobis succeeded in expressing the entire Indian economy in a single mathematical formula。
旁白:尼赫鲁要求马哈拉诺比斯考虑如何为经济编制计划。这位才华横溢的马哈拉诺比斯成功地将整个印度经济用一个数学公式表示出来。
VOICE OF MAHALANOBIS: Let YT equal national ine; CT equal consumption; and KT equal investment at time; open bracket; open bracket; one plus lambda K beta K; closed bracket; minus one; are fractions of investment allocated to industries producing capital goods; that is K sector and consumer goods at C sector; respectively。
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